“Today, we must build with hollow stones…the nature of
space is further characterized by the minor spaces that serve it. Storage
rooms, service rooms and cubicles must not be partionated areas of a single
space structure, they must be given their own structure.”
“The Trenton Bath House is derived from a concept of space order in
which the hollow columns supporting the
pyriamidal roof distinguish the spaces that serve from those being served. The
30’x30’ spaces under the roofs remain undivided and the 8’x8’ hollow columns
provide the needs of smaller spaces. “
“The Trenton
Bath House gave me the first opportunity to work out the separation between the
serving and served spaces. It was a very clear and simple problem. It was
solved with absolute purity. Every space is accounted for, there is no
redundancy. I used them as a maze, a baffle, and I used the hollow column
itself as a storage area. I used it for toilets, which must be enclosed. And I
found, during the expression of this very simple building, the concept of the
serving and served spaces… I thought of a support as being a hollow column
which can be used. That’s the only place where I could put the services. So the
source of support, the column, became the place which harbored the service of
the building.”
 |
| Adler House |
COMMUNITY BUILDING. PRIMERA FASE. 1955-56.
Esquema
de la planta primera, 3 de Noviembre, 1955. Estudio del programa organizado con
una retícula octagonal. Kahn emplea espacialmente el concepto de unidad
definido en la casa Adler y en la casa de Vore. El patrón geométrico de 54
octágonos y 76 cuadrados permite una interesante interpretación del concepto de
espacios servidores y servidos y permite albergar los elementos del programa:
armarios, salones, clases, enfermería, administración, gimnasio, cocina, recibidor
y un auditorio.
 |
| De Vore House |
 |
| Noviembre 1955 |
Plano
de la planta primera, Marzo de 1956. Muestra dos variaciones de la agrupación
de octágonos, basado en una retícula. En ambos casos, se considera la entrada
desde el noreste; en la segunda versión el gimnasio se localiza en el eje de
entrada.
“The thought about an ‘order of spaces’ which
discriminates between ‘areas that serve’ and ‘served spaces’ came to me one day
while studying the Trenton Bath House problems: this thought I realized was
fundamental to architecture, not merely a design applied to a single problem.The significance of this fundamental space distinction
in architecture was immediately recognized by teachers of architecture with
whom I am associated and I began (even before the Bath House was fully
designed) to teach its implications.
The principle now belongs to everybody, but my
personal design interpretations as in the Bath House and in subsequent
buildings belongs only to me. The artist instinctively discriminates between
order (concept derived from ‘finding’) which is impersonal, and design (the
work – the composition) which is personal. “
COMMUNITY BUILDING. SEGUNDA FASE. 1957.
En esta fase de diseño, Kahn utilize una retícula en
tartan, utilizada en numerosos proyectos universitarios, especialmente en Gran
Bretaña y Alemania, para organizar programas complejos de edificos. El patrón a
grandes y pequeños intervalos crea zonas de diferentes anchuras a diferencia de
los espacios regulares generados por la malla ortogonal.
Kahn
utiliza la malla en tartán para organizar los espacios así como para localizar
los elementos estructurales. Su principal problema fue cómo construir el tejado
sobre grandes áreas diáfanas, como en el gimnasio y el hall, sin perder la
armonía del conjunto.
COMMUNITY BUILDING. TERCERA FASE. 1957-58.
En
esta fase Kahn propone dos sistemas de cubierta adicionales para solucionar el
problema de las grandes luces.
“The large space demands the large span, this identifies one of the
order in the hierarchy of spaces which make the connecting building from the
small servant space of significance”
CUARTA FASE. 1958.
En esta
fase Kahn experimenta con el equilibrio entre cubiertas piramidales e
invertidas. Cambia el concepto de proyecto, de un puro rectángulo a una
expresión volumétrica más explícita que responde a las distintas funciones del
programa.
ÚLTIMA FASE. 1958. NO CONSTRUIDO.
La
Comunidad ha encontrado su orden de espacios y volúmenes. El auditorio y el
gimnasio conforman dos extremos potentes con los edificios más bajos entre
ellos.
Planta
de cubiertas, Agosto de 1958. Muestra la aplicación del tartan en el sistema
estructural, que ayuda a reducir la complejidad del centro. La entrada publica
y el interior establecen una jerarquía de espacios públicos, semi-públicos
y “privados”.
La
colaboración con la comunidad judía de Trenton acabó con una triste carta de
Kahn hacia su aogado el 21 de diciembre de 1959.
“Dear Dave;
I’m glad that you were able to make the break with
Trenton so clear and I thank you for it.
It is hard to have given this building up because in
contained a statement important to principles in architecture, which I was able
to express in this building. The preliminary drawings were published in several
foreign magazines as though it were under construction. I have no hopes that
they will go back to my plans… thank you again for your wonderful judgement and
advice. “
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